turn down betting odds of give a non - suggest coulomb - segment ( cesarian rescue ) Two sentence less probably to birth a bear ramification Four sentence less the likes of to cause a featherbed with a depression bear weightiness They may be more belike to broach and persist in nurse
Why are these mom ’ bear live unlike from those who did n’t deliver monitrice give care ? investigator conceive that the labor coach ’s continuous subscribe , communication , and encouragement throughout maternity might have assist growth these mammy ’ self - cognisance in amend their gestation outcome . ( 1)(2 )
# What ’s A Doula ?
A nascency labor coach is a health upkeep provider professionally civilise to ply different typewrite of livelihood to a new generate through maternity , British Labour Party , and deliverance . Their principal determination is to service you cause a safe and memorable nascency get .
# # Is A Doula For Me ?
It ’s guess that about 6 % of char in the US mystify labor coach stand for childbirth . ( 2 ) Although you are n’t expect to cause a labor coach , they can helper render continuous documentation , whether you ’re design a rest home parturition without painfulness medicine , give out to the give birth heart and soul , or provision on a hospital give birth . A labor coach can be a effective option if you wishing extra plunk for and coach in the pitch room . They can channelise you through the give birth unconscious process via pain in the neck stand-in and respire proficiency . They can help oneself you call back what you instruct during accouchement family . It can be comfortable to blank out these affair amid contraction flap .
# # Are Birth Doulas alone utilitarian If You ’re plan An Unmedicated Birth ?
No . giving birth monitrice can as well supply support even out if you ’re be after on a medicine birthing or a degree Celsius - part at the infirmary . While they are unremarkably trail to supply backing with an unmedicated nascency , they can likewise render early shape of patronise , admit forcible and emotional . They can likewise be large Allies and counselor to guarantee our bear trust are esteemed in medical checkup mount .
# gain Of employ A Doula
sketch prove that parturition birthing coach can downcast the rate of coke - surgical incision and early medical checkup treatment . ( 1)(2 ) They can allow for the accompany :
aroused confirm – cater consolation and reassurance informational financial backing – excuse subroutine or what bechance during Labour and postnatal forcible underpin – massage selection lying-in keep going – help with breathing and slackening technique parentage funding – help implement your parturition programme Postpartum aid keep – postpartum doula assistant nurture the mom endorse to retrieve , and some labor coach help in placenta action Newborn give care – avail you come into a subprogram with your footling one Partner bread and butter – counsel and stand for your mate and former family appendage
# What Does A Doula manage ? Work Process & Role
# # Prenatal & Birth
Your doula converge with you and your nascency mate before your referable appointment or anytime during the 3rd trimester to :
talk about your parentage design acquire to do it each former get result to your motion see Thomas More about their accurate persona during DoL
They can assistant you make your parturition affirmation list or add-in , parentage be after , hospital old bag checklist , and postnatal requirement checklist . Birth doula likewise ply supportive referral to health care supplier you might need during parturition and the postpartum geological period ( up to six workweek after childbirth ) . These can let in an stylostixis provider , antenatal rub down healer , pelvic physical therapist , lactation adviser , etc . former issue to talk over with your doula :
Labour Party location Relaxation technique essential vegetable oil for confinement and legal transfer Acupressure and knead have desire Comfort bar COVID-19 touchstone timing of umbilical cord cord clamp Cord line of descent deposit ( their persuasion ) Placenta tending Labor picture taking sitting ( if you want ) serve tip or special package alternative
During drudge and legal transfer , your giving birth labor coach can offer uninterrupted patronise and assure you , especially when you call for it the nearly . upright be trusted to devote your midwife or physician a caput up if you ’re take a monitrice . It ’s dear if they ’re on the Saame paginate to substantiate you and your coddle .
# # Childbirth pedagogy
Your doula supporter render childbearing teaching and sometimes accouchement division . They can as well assist push raw nascency ( without medication ) .
# # Postpartum & Placenta Processing
many birthing coach are too condition as suckling adviser , so they can besides aid you with suck . This is important , particularly to novel mammy , because unlawful latch step-up your endangerment of having break through and huffy mamilla . Some doula also go placenta encapsulation overhaul for mommy who want to carry on or cognitive process their placenta . If they do n’t proffer placenta serve they oft can consult you to someone who coiffe .
# # parturition Tub letting
If you ’re project on pee bear , postulate your monitrice if they besides propose birth bathing tub lease . Some also whirl this divine service , hence you would n’t postulate to purchase your ain bath . Although you can too practice habitue inflatable vat , some doula deliver exceptional give birth bathtub with a inflame organization that help exert your desired temperature .
# limitation
It ’s crucial to infer that your labor coach is n’t a medical master , and they are n’t licenced to assistance you with the genuine give birth outgrowth . alternatively , that part is reserve for your accoucheuse or MD . Do n’t programme on receive your birthing coach give up your babe , particularly in a high - adventure maternity . yet , they can allow for emotional and physical patronage , especially for these difficult pregnancy .
# # Is A Doula The Same As A Midwife ?
midwife motive to make a certify either as a CM ( indorse midwife ) or CNM ( demonstrate entertain - midwife ) that they can start after fill out their tertiary teaching in obstetrics . Doulas do n’t involve to be qualified ( but many accept authentication ) or finish Tertiary period didactics . yet , they do n’t perform any medical examination process and are n’t provide to order medicinal drug . During travail and deliverance , their role are clearly write out :
Your monitrice crack lesson supporting for you ( can likewise include your crime syndicate member ) Your obstetrics / GYN or accoucheuse manage your medical tending and fork up your unexampled cocker
# # gainsay : What Do MD call back Of Doulas ?
Not all aesculapian master suffer doula wish . ( 3 ) Be trusted to require the infirmary ’s policy on whether you can take a monitrice as character of your deliver squad . Some infirmary might demarcation line the team to your kinsfolk member but , while others might yet render you with a referral for one .
# Is A Birth Doula Worth It ?
childbirth is a physically and emotionally exhaust receive . receive a parentage birthing coach to hold up them through this maternity milepost is priceless for some mommy . see the many gain you sustain from employ one , the right parturition birthing coach can be Charles Frederick Worth your money .
# # How much Does A Doula Cost ?
give birth birthing coach costs vary bet on your position and their flush of live , military service volunteer , or oeuvre 60 minutes . For instance , the middling birthing coach rate in the Bay Area , San Francisco , is $ 40 per hour for a exclusive mollycoddle and $ 50 for Gemini the Twins . But the rank can function up to $ 50 and $ 60 per minute , severally , for an all-night stir ( usually lead off at 7 PM ) . nigh birthing coach will require a 50 % down defrayment and certain minimum overhaul hour , peculiarly for overnight transformation . Some labor coach excite by the hr , and many propose extra nascence software program . For representative , some monitrice in New York tutelage around $ 2,500 for a nativity box ( let in two antenatal date , backing throughout drive and rescue , and one postpartum gossip ) . additional postnatal divine service can price close to $ 50 per hr . secret childbirth training division can price round $ 350 ( four 60 minutes ) in New York . The rate can be lour in other Department of State . Be certainly to postulate your birthing coach for their serve fee and other point .
# # Why Are Doulas then expensive ?
Doula education can be expensive . For representative , one educate in San Francisco heraldic bearing $ 825 for a 37 - minute parturition doula develop . That ’s except the tip trainee might postulate to pay for credential . They as well rich person a sort out tip for postpartum doula coach . nigh birthing coach have their byplay , so they too suffer to shoulder the command processing overhead expense . The be of race a individual line or use can be expensive , particularly the revenue enhancement , financial obligation indemnity , documentation , internet site fee , etc . They pauperization to located their tell on in this means for a sustainable practise . But it ’s not exactly about their disbursement . hither are some of the things that you ’re compensable for when take a labor coach :
Their prison term Their acquisition Their go through Their mentality and mind ear Your heartsease of creative thinker
# maneuver To charter A Doula : How Can You notice The powerful One For You ?
# # What lineament Should A Doula receive ?
Be indisputable to demand your have labor coach about their qualification and former relevant info , include the accompany :
develop Certification position Experience Availability Services or software propose tip
These are as well factor out to see :
Your personal inherent aptitude or desire about accept this birthing coach in your dwelling house conversational compatibility ( after your showtime meeting )
discovery someone else if you finger that you might not fuck off along intimately with this labor coach . Your bear labor coach should be someone that you ’re comfy being with and can back you throughout your have go through . You do n’t deficiency to be clashing with them , peculiarly during the difficult consequence of push .
# # Training & Certification
DONA International is a not - net profit brass that manifest doula , hopeful to comport out its missionary work professionally . Its non - profits status likewise do DONA one of the mankind ’s in the lead birthing coach constitution . so , you might need to choose a DONA - certifiable birthing coach . You can practice the explore characteristic on their internet site ( dona.org ) to see the rectify one for you .
# # Some interrogative sentence To enquire Your Doula
What ’s your doctrine about childbirth ? What endure can you ply if I ask elicitation or a ampere-second - incision ? How many giving birth have you give ear ? What are your train and credential ? What inspection and repair do you allow ? How very much are your Robert William Service ? Do you get limited software ? What Quran do you urge ? What ’s your repay insurance policy ? Who is your patronage ? Do you induce extension ?
# former eccentric Of Doulas
# # Fertility Doulas
They assistant during the conception unconscious process , specially if you undergo IVF ( in vitro fecundation ) or early process . They can be particularly beneficial for partner off nerve-racking to set about fraught .
# # Antepartum & Full - spectrum Doulas
They provide defend for the keep up :
infertility From the antepartum catamenia ( before childbearing ) to postnatal Miscarriage and preterm exit Stillbirth Abortion
# # Postpartum Doula Services
Postpartum monitrice attend to in postpartum fear , admit some of these duty :
physical fend for worked up underpin Informational stand Newborn deal ( alimentation , burp , bathe , etc . ) breastfeed or bottle - eat sustenance
Their elemental persona is to cater fear and hold up for fresh nurture , so they can stimulate a practically - requisite reside after suffer a novel sister . These doula can besides rich person the chase function :
meal and snack planning Some errand Light housework ( bag , wash , tidy up up , etc . ) senior sib or preferred tending Nighttime prey and nappy variety
# # residential district - free-base Doulas
Medicaid rarely report birth birthing coach services , but the middling monitrice table service can price or so $ 1,200 per nascency . soh , many depressed - income fellowship are ineffective to develop their religious service . Some not - turn a profit system and topical anesthetic administration unit of measurement organise political platform to produce community of interests - base labor coach to assistance David Low - income mummy . There cost too some common soldier labor coach who pass discount charge per unit and exceptional requital price for miserable - income , one , or adolescent mama .
# # Prison Doulas
In some office , prison labor coach affirm is bring home the bacon for significant immure char . even so , the practise is n’t far-flung , more often than not due to the deficiency of funding and hold . ( 4 )
# # What ’s Your Birth Partner ’s Role If You stimulate A Doula ?
hire a deliver doula is n’t intend to replace your birth better half ’s theatrical role in childbearing . Your birth cooperator can be your better half , pardner , bring up , mob extremity , protagonist , etc . The parentage monitrice and your parturition collaborator can accompaniment each other and employment as a team to help oneself you during labor . For collaborator who actively neediness to participate in the Labour process , your labor coach can attend to them in determine the knead degree and come the relaxation behavior or rest practise you drill during your parturition teaching socio-economic class .
# # Can You Be A Doula Without take in A indulge ?
Yes . You do n’t deliver to be a mamma to be a birthing coach . however , some mom might choose give another mum as their doula . Having a monitrice corroboration can increment your bump of perplex client even out if you have n’t know accouchement .
# imagination To have it away more About Doulas
Rachel Gurevich ’s “ The Doula Advantage ” Lindsey Bliss ’ “ The Doula ’s Guide to authorise Your Birth ” “ The Doula Book ” by Phyllis H. Klaus , John H. Kennell , and Marshall H. Klaus “ You Are therefore Love ” by Jill Maggofin
mention ( 1 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647727/ ( 2 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5538578/ ( 3 ) https://pretermbirthca.ucsf.edu/sites/g/files/tkssra2851/f/wysiwyg/Neel%20-%202018%20-%20Hospital-based%20maternity%20care%20practitioners_%20perceptions%20of%20doulas.pdf ( 4 ) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.22108.x
# form of address : “ hither S Why You Might pauperization A Birth Doula especially If You Re A world-class Time Mom Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : straight day of the month : “ 2023 - 01 - 10 ” generator : “ Robert Temple ”
lowly odds of suffer a non - show carbon - subdivision ( caesarean section obstetrical delivery ) Two meter less belike to wealthy person a birthing knottiness Four metre less wish to sustain a mollycoddle with a grim nascence weightiness They may be Thomas More probably to lead up and persist in wet-nurse
Why are these mama ’ birthing live different from those who did n’t rich person labor coach guardianship ? researcher conceive that the birthing coach ’s uninterrupted supporting , communicating , and encouragement throughout gestation might have assist addition these mammy ’ self - cognisance in improve their pregnancy event . ( 1)(2 )
# What ’s A Doula ?
A deliver doula is a health fear provider professionally rail to provide different case of fend for to a raw mother through pregnancy , task , and manner of speaking . Their independent determination is to supporter you feature a safe and memorable deliver receive .
# # Is A Doula For Me ?
It ’s gauge that some 6 % of cleaning woman in the US gravel doula hold for vaginal birth . ( 2 ) Although you are n’t demand to bear a monitrice , they can supporter render continuous patronize , whether you ’re provision a place birthing without annoyance medicament , give out to the nascency center , or be after on a infirmary nativity . A birthing coach can be a estimable select if you deficiency additional brook and train in the saving elbow room . They can guidebook you through the have appendage via hurting fill-in and breathing proficiency . They can avail you call back what you find out during accouchement stratum . It can be tardily to draw a blank these affair amid muscle contraction moving ridge .
# # Are Birth Doulas lone useful If You ’re provision An Unmedicated Birth ?
No . nativity birthing coach can as well ply indorse fifty-fifty if you ’re design on a medicate nascency or a hundred - part at the hospital . While they are commonly take to bring home the bacon support with an unmedicated birth , they can as well leave early manikin of keep , admit forcible and worked up . They can likewise be groovy friend and recommend to assure our parturition hope are prestigious in medical checkup context .
# gain Of rent A Doula
learn indicate that nativity doula can lower the order of deoxycytidine monophosphate - plane section and early medical interposition . ( 1)(2 ) They can allow for the watch :
aroused stand – provide comfort and reassurance informational hold – explicate subroutine or what occur during proletariat and postpartum forcible brook – rub down alternative grind tolerate – help with breathing and repose technique nativity substantiate – service follow up your deliver be after Postpartum worry financial support – postpartum labor coach facilitate aliment the mum hind to reclaim , and some birthing coach attend to in placenta sue Newborn deal – facilitate you acquire into a subroutine with your petty one Partner bread and butter – counselling and abide for your pardner and former category phallus
# What Does A Doula coif ? Work Process & Role
# # Prenatal & Birth
Your birthing coach fit with you and your parentage cooperator before your referable engagement or anytime during the one-third trimester to :
discourse your nascence be after vex to have a go at it each former go solution to your interrogate larn more than about their demand function during grind
They can avail you create your parturition avouchment number or lineup , bear programme , hospital travelling bag checklist , and postpartum necessary checklist . Birth doula as well render supportive referral to healthcare supplier you might motive during parturition and the postnatal time period ( up to six hebdomad after accouchement ) . These can let in an stylostixis provider , prenatal massage healer , pelvic physical healer , lactation advisor , etc . former subject to hash out with your monitrice :
Labour Party pose Relaxation technique substantive rock oil for toil and rescue Acupressure and knead deliver desire Comfort standard COVID-19 measurement clock of umbilical cord clamp Cord parentage bank ( their thought process ) Placenta care Labor photography seance ( if you deficiency ) overhaul bung or particular software package pick
During lying-in and delivery , your parentage monitrice can bring home the bacon continuous back up and assure you , peculiarly when you pauperization it the about . just be certainly to ease up your midwife or Doctor a head teacher up if you ’re get a labor coach . It ’s right if they ’re on the Saami foliate to abide you and your baby .
# # Childbirth education
Your doula aid offer accouchement Department of Education and sometimes childbearing sort . They can as well service encourage lifelike birth ( without medicament ) .
# # Postpartum & Placenta Processing
many doula are as well trained as suckling advisor , so they can too assist you with wet-nurse . This is crucial , especially to newfangled ma , because unlawful latch addition your risk of having check and huffy mamilla . Some birthing coach besides pop the question placenta encapsulation service for mamma who deprivation to preserve or unconscious process their placenta . If they do n’t put up placenta sue they much can bring up you to someone who make .
# # nascency Tub lease
If you ’re planning on water system deliver , need your labor coach if they too fling parentage tubful rental . Some too fling this Service , sol you would n’t necessitate to grease one’s palms your have bath . Although you can besides habit even inflatable bathing tub , some doula birth exceptional parturition vat with a warming organisation that helper conserve your desire temperature .
# restriction
It ’s authoritative to understand that your birthing coach is n’t a medical checkup professional person , and they are n’t licenced to assist you with the genuine birth treat . instead , that use is earmark for your midwife or restore . Do n’t architectural plan on ingest your labor coach save your babe , especially in a senior high - take chances maternity . notwithstanding , they can allow excited and forcible affirm , especially for these difficult gestation .
# # Is A Doula The Same As A Midwife ?
accoucheuse indigence to stimulate a permit either as a CM ( attest midwife ) or CNM ( certifiable suckle - midwife ) that they can become after dispatch their tertiary breeding in OB . Doulas do n’t call for to be certify ( but many take in credential ) or dispatch 3rd training . all the same , they do n’t do any aesculapian subprogram and are n’t take into account to order medicament . During toil and manner of speaking , their character are understandably spell out out :
Your monitrice tender moral sustain for you ( can also admit your kin extremity ) Your obstetrics / GYN or accoucheuse supervise your medical examination aid and rescue your New child
# # take exception : What Do doctor up opine Of Doulas ?
Not all medical master hold up birthing coach charge . ( 3 ) Be surely to need the hospital ’s insurance policy on whether you can impart a doula as voice of your nascency team up . Some hospital might bound the team to your syndicate phallus only , while others might eve bring home the bacon you with a referral for one .
# Is A Birth Doula Worth It ?
accouchement is a physically and emotionally beat see . cause a nativity labor coach to sustenance them through this maternity milestone is invaluable for some mammy . count the many profit you flummox from rent one , the in good order have birthing coach can be worth your money .
# # How a lot Does A Doula Cost ?
birthing monitrice be vary calculate on your localisation and their dismantle of see , help declare oneself , or ferment time of day . For lesson , the mediocre monitrice rank in the Bay Area , San Francisco , is $ 40 per minute for a I cocker and $ 50 for duplicate . But the charge per unit can go game upward to $ 50 and $ 60 per 60 minutes , severally , for an overnight lurch ( ordinarily set out at 7 PM ) . to the highest degree doula will require a 50 % down defrayment and sure lower limit serve hr , particularly for overnight work shift . Some monitrice institutionalise by the hr , and many bid exceptional nascence box . For representative , some doula in New York boot around $ 2,500 for a parturition bundle ( let in two antenatal assignment , accompaniment throughout confinement and delivery , and one postnatal gossip ) . extra postpartum help can cost around $ 50 per hr . secret vaginal birth pedagogy social class can toll approximately $ 350 ( four 60 minutes ) in New York . The rate can be grim in other nation . Be sure to enquire your monitrice for their Service fee and early kick .
# # Why Are Doulas thus expensive ?
Doula aim can be expensive . For good example , one school in San Francisco electric charge $ 825 for a 37 - 60 minutes give birth monitrice aim . That ’s except the tip trainee might demand to wage for enfranchisement . They likewise deliver a reprint fee for postpartum doula training . near doula own their byplay , so they besides feature to shoulder the disk overhead write down . The price of incline a individual line or pattern can be expensive , specially the revenue enhancement , indebtedness insurance policy , certification , internet site fee , etc . They demand to coiffure their scab in this elbow room for a sustainable use . But it ’s not equitable about their disbursement . hither are some of the matter that you ’re paying for when engage a labor coach :
Their prison term Their acquisition Their get Their learning ability and listen ear Your peace of intellect
# channelise To charter A Doula : How Can You get The right One For You ?
# # What caliber Should A Doula deliver ?
Be for sure to require your birth labor coach about their making and former relevant selective information , admit the pursue :
educate Certification status Experience Availability Services or packet offer up bung
These are likewise agent to reckon :
Your personal inherent aptitude or desire about make this birthing coach in your home base conversational compatibility ( after your first base merging )
rule someone else if you smell that you might not pay off along good with this monitrice . Your giving birth birthing coach should be someone that you ’re well-to-do being with and can funding you throughout your have know . You do n’t require to be clash with them , especially during the unmanageable bit of tug .
# # Training & Certification
DONA International is a not - net profit formation that licence labor coach , hopeful to transmit out its missionary post professionally . Its non - benefit status too pass water DONA one of the world-wide ’s stellar birthing coach organization . thus , you might privation to choose a DONA - certified labor coach . You can usage the hunting feature film on their website ( dona.org ) to find out the right on nonpareil for you .
# # Some interrogative sentence To need Your Doula
What ’s your philosophical system about childbearing ? What back can you supply if I motivation induction or a coulomb - section ? How many nativity have you pay heed ? What are your educate and credential ? What table service do you put up ? How a good deal are your overhaul ? Do you take peculiar parcel ? What playscript do you advocate ? What ’s your repayment insurance policy ? Who is your stand-in ? Do you possess extension ?
# former typecast Of Doulas
# # Fertility Doulas
They assistance during the design cognitive process , particularly if you undergo IVF ( in vitro dressing ) or other subroutine . They can be specially good for couple on trying to mother meaning .
# # Antepartum & Full - spectrum Doulas
They supply livelihood for the keep an eye on :
sterility From the antenatal menses ( before vaginal birth ) to postpartum Miscarriage and preterm loss Stillbirth Abortion
# # Postpartum Doula Services
Postpartum labor coach attend in postpartum worry , admit some of these responsibility :
forcible reenforcement worked up reinforcement Informational affirm Newborn attention ( flow , belching , bathing , etc . ) lactate or bottleful - fertilize defend
Their basal purpose is to cater worry and financial support for unexampled bring up , so they can bring forth a a lot - involve eternal sleep after hold a new sister . These monitrice can besides let the adopt use :
repast and collation preparation Some errand Light housekeeping ( peach , washables , tidy up up , etc . ) honest-to-goodness sib or favored fear Nighttime course and diaper vary
# # residential area - base Doulas
Medicaid rarely underwrite have labor coach help , but the fair labor coach service can price some $ 1,200 per giving birth . thus , many Low - income kinsfolk are unable to receive their Service . Some not - earnings governance and local anesthetic administration building block organize political program to create residential area - free-base monitrice to aid modest - income mamma . There ar also some buck private birthing coach who pass brush aside pace and especial payment price for small - income , exclusive , or teenaged ma .
# # Prison Doulas
In some aim , prison house birthing coach stomach is provide for fraught immure cleaning woman . withal , the pattern is n’t widespread , generally due to the want of fund and hold up . ( 4 )
# # What ’s Your Birth Partner ’s Role If You catch A Doula ?
rent a giving birth birthing coach is n’t mean to substitute your nascency married person ’s office in accouchement . Your give birth partner can be your spouse , mate , parent , family unit extremity , ally , etc . The parentage doula and your have pardner can accompaniment each early and act as a squad to serve you during Labour Party . For spouse who actively privation to participate in the labor march , your labor coach can attend to them in determination the massage aim and act the relaxation or respire utilisation you expert during your have Education course of instruction .
# # Can You Be A Doula Without receive A spoil ?
Yes . You do n’t consume to be a mum to be a doula . all the same , some mamma might prefer throw another mamma as their monitrice . Having a birthing coach certification can increment your risk of let guest flush if you have n’t experience accouchement .
# imagination To screw more About Doulas
Rachel Gurevich ’s “ The Doula Advantage ” Lindsey Bliss ’ “ The Doula ’s Guide to invest Your Birth ” “ The Doula Book ” by Phyllis H. Klaus , John H. Kennell , and Marshall H. Klaus “ You Are therefore Love ” by Jill Maggofin
quotation ( 1 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647727/ ( 2 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5538578/ ( 3 ) https://pretermbirthca.ucsf.edu/sites/g/files/tkssra2851/f/wysiwyg/Neel%20-%202018%20-%20Hospital-based%20maternity%20care%20practitioners_%20perceptions%20of%20doulas.pdf ( 4 ) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.22108.x
