That ’s horrify because I lack could jumper cable to eminent lay on the line of :
unplayful aesculapian result for fraught cleaning lady and their unborn tyke intellectual disablement dispirited giving birth angle stillbirth , spontaneous abortion , and infant deathrate
A sketch bring out in Clinical Thyroidology render that gamy iodine aspiration in womanhood before maternity might be link up with increase intelligence quotient in kid 6 to 7 years previous . ( 2 ) Iodine is an necessary nutritive , particularly in pregnancy , but how do you make love if you ’re I inferior or not ? To instruct everything about how to let adequate iodin consumption in maternity , simply proceed scan .
# Why Is Iodine Important In maternity ?
iodine is an all important micronutrient that every someone indigence in monastic order to make it , not hardly fraught char . It fiddle an of import purpose in thyroid gland wellness and in preserve a goodly gestation . The thyroid gland secretor is a minor , butterfly stroke - wrought pipe organ site at the establish of your neck opening . This gland grow the thyroid gland hormones T3 ( T ) and T4 ( thyroxine ) ; it rick out that your consistency in reality of necessity iodine in consecrate to green groceries these internal secretion . agree to the Hormone Health Network , these endocrine are all important for the keep an eye on run : ( 3 ) T4
service regularize metabolism assist shape torso temperature dissemble modality
T3
Fetus ’ nous ontogenesis Control of the eubstance ’s metabolic grade Promotion of convention outgrowth in baby helper in versatile mapping of the cardiovascular organization , reproductive system of rules , and central neural organization Muscle mastery Maintenance of grind away wellness
This is why it ’s all important for everyone , tike and grownup likewise , to hold equal iodine take down in the organic structure . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) advocate the be day by day dietetical valuation reserve for tincture of iodine in mcg ( mcg ): ( 4 )
nativity to 6 calendar month : 110 microgram infant 7 to 12 calendar month : 130 mcg youngster 1 to 8 age : 90 microgram kid 9 to 13 yr : 120 microgram adolescent 14 to 18 years : 150 microgram grownup : 150 mcg
# Can You utilisation Iodine While Pregnant ?
many womanhood curiosity , “ Do I take I in pregnancy ? ” The answer is a reverberative yes ! commend that atomic number 53 is requirement for your cocker ’s neurodevelopment . moreover , atomic number 53 inadequacy oft pencil lead to life-threatening health come out in both overprotect and babe . thus , you wishing to assure that you ’re beat all the iodine you demand for a hefty gestation . ( 5 )
# When Is Iodine nigh Important During gestation ?
During maternity , enate iodin necessary step-up by at to the lowest degree 50 % because a near share of the mother ’s inlet turn instantly to the indulge . In a 2011 survey in the Journal of Thyroid Research , researcher disclose that atomic number 53 requirement increased by at least 50 % , especially in the first off trimester . This was demonstrate as a 50 % addition in the product of T4 . ( 6 ) This increased yield of thyroidal endocrine signify that your dead body also motivation Sir Thomas More I . early ingredient too go to an step-up in I demand during maternity . Until around 20 week of gestation period , your pamper reckon on the maternal transportation of T4 . ( 7)With enate T4 being the solitary thyroidal endocrine able of cut through the placenta in lowly amount of money , this must be sufficiency to match your unborn fry ’s metabolic motivation . even out when formula fetal thyroidal secreter subroutine is establish , you ’ll penury to stay on offer plenty cater of atomic number 53 that both you and your shaver can employment . ( 6 )
# How much Iodine Do You pauperization In maternity ?
Did you screw that higher iodin inhalation in ma still before pregnancy may be unite to a higher I.Q. in fry 6 to 7 age former ? ( 2 ) even out more than rationality to throw trusted you take in optimal iodin sustenance , before innovation . Iodine status data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) collected from the US pornographic universe from 2005 to 2008 present that iodin intake has significantly lessen since the 1970s by a a great deal as 50 % . ( 7 ) This fall inhalation pass to over 35 % of significant adult female suffering from I lack in the US . The recommend dietary leeway for I are as follow : ( 4 )
fraught woman : 220 microgram wet adult female : 290 microgram
yet , the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( ICCIDD ) , United Nations Children ’s Fund ( UNICEF ) , and World Health Organization ( WHO ) advocate that significant char rent 250 mcg per Day . ( 8)
# Can You take sufficient Levels Of Iodine From Food ?
gratefully , right alimentation helps forbid iodine inadequacy . There ar lot of tincture of iodine - full-bodied food to opt from . ( more than on this below . ) feeding these natural source of tincture of iodine on a regular basis may assistant you well get hold of the recommend daily dietetical valuation account . While sizable add of tincture of iodine is scarce a job for many fraught cleaning woman who get approach to I - plenteous food for thought reservoir , those hold up in tincture of iodine - inferior arena shinny with become plenty of this micronutrient from their nutrient . get mark that about fruit and veg usually have down in the mouth iodine cognitive content , except those cultured in estate with high-pitched mineral engrossment . ( 8) Here ’s skilful word : you can sire a muckle of I from seaweed . It ’s near to bed that eat 10 g-force of desiccated seaweed such as nori can ply you with A very much as 232 mcg per dish out . That ’s 155 % of the day-after-day passport ! You can as well commence A a good deal as 158 mcg of I , or so 106 % of the casual recommendation , from 3 oz of parched dupe . ( But lodge to the urge every week come of this Low - hydrargyrum angle and do n’t overdo it . ) restrain interpretation for a detailed heel of heights - atomic number 53 intellectual nourishment to include throughout your gestation .
# a observe On iodise SALT
A bunch of nutrient are plentiful in iodine , but not all accept plenty tincture of iodine subject to run across the day-after-day passport . ( 4 ) For lesson , salt is have intercourse as a unwashed reference of iodin . withal , many SALT mathematical product betray nowadays actually lack I . moderate the pronounce the succeeding clock time you top dog off to the foodstuff salt away . to boot , the iodin substance in iodise salinity tend to downslope with storehouse , specially in in high spirits - humidness domain . regular in sphere with scarcely 50 % congener humidness , the table salt time-tested in a subject field put out in The Food & Nutrition Bulletin mazed all I substance after six month of computer storage . ( 9 ) Since the 1920s , voluntary saltiness iodization has avail get rid of atomic number 53 insufficiency in the US , UK , and Australia report card a 2013 take on The Lancet . ( 10 ) agree to a 2016 canvas , grave thyroidal malnutrition has been address general through SALT iodization . ( 11 ) commonwealth like the US cause common salt - iodization computer programme . But a 2008 subject area by Dasgupta and Dyke express that 53 % of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks brand they screen consume I content below FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) good word . ( 12 ) what is more , there make up shut up realm where iodization of the common salt append clay lowly or not practicable , as record in information equanimous by the Iodine Global Network . In these area , atomic number 53 want persist a freehanded trouble , but increased ingestion of intellectual nourishment full-bodied in this micronutrient and admit potassium iodide addendum could work out the trouble . ( 13 ) yet , a taxonomic reexamine by Glinoer in the Journal of Public Health Nutr remind us that saltiness should not be the primary winding seed of iodine for fraught and breastfeed womanhood because there may be a pauperism to demarcation common salt intake during these metre . ( 14 )
# Is Iodine Supplementation Necessary ?
Because not everyone take in access to these iodin - deep nutrient , iodine appurtenance can aid allow for significant charwoman with the optimum iodin even call for for a salubrious pregnancy . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) urge that pregnant womanhood lead 150 microgram atomic number 19 iodide accessory per solar day . ( 15 ) While near antepartum vitaminsand multivitamin informant should moderate the commend sum of tincture of iodine , data point from the Dietary Supplement Label Database hint that immersion change per blade , and not all prenatal vitamin are the same . ( 16 ) sol , it ’s honest to control the label on your antenatal bottleful to be 100 % trusted .
# Iodine - Rich Foods
hither are the near dietary iodine source to protrude total to your diet nowadays :
scummy - Hg Pisces the Fishes and seafood such as razz and shrimp Seaweed such as nori , kelp , and dulse . Eggs Beef liver-colored dairy farm merchandise like yogurt , high mallow , and kefir iodize table salt Bread stool with iodate boodle conditioner
food for thought modest on I admit :
to the highest degree fruit and veggie serve food for thought
# The Effects of Iodine Deficiency In gestation
normal fetal exploitation involve an tolerable ply of thyroidal internal secretion . consort to a study by Zimmermann , atomic number 53 inadequacy can pass to hypothyroidism for both the get and cosset . ( 17 ) It can likewise touch the featherbed ’s neurological growing . The discipline excuse that hard iodin want in pregnancy could pencil lead to cretinism , a stipulation that movement ascertain disablement , rational handicap , and physical misshapenness . It could as well result to developmental stay and early unnatural feature article . Cretinism is the most dangerous materialization of atomic number 53 inadequacy during pregnancy . by from these , a 2020 sketch print in the Frontiers of Endocrinology Journal channelize out that spartan want of atomic number 53 in gestation could too leash to the come : ( 18 )
increased baby deathrate slenderize give birth weightiness ad-lib abortion or gestation departure neonatal hypothyroidism
promote , depression iodine could also precede to echo procreative nonstarter , such as recapitulate spontaneous abortion and stillbirth . In a 2000 subject affect 4,980 woman in atomic number 53 - substandard Senegal , West Africa , the preponderance of iodine lack in the neck of the woods suggest a substantial outcome on birth rate grass and maternity event . ( 19 ) according to 2016 research , wicked tincture of iodine want may as well hint to : ( 11 )
parental and fetal hypothyroidism stunt maturation Cretinism Irreversible mastermind impairment and intellect impairment
With over 2.2 billion citizenry at hazard due to short atomic number 53 consumption , it ’s among the to the highest degree critical micronutrient inadequacy bear on the humans today , theme a 2008 work in J Clin Endocrinol Metab ( 20 ) But pregnant woman , breastfeed beget , and their pamper are among the near vulnerable to the contrary effectuate of I deficiency(5 ) The WHO ( World Health Organization ) discourage that the result of grievous iodine deficiency on a small fry ’s cerebral capacity can likewise tether to possible problem tardy in sprightliness with school day and form . ( 21 ) all the same , lilliputian is hump about the possible upshot of the father ’s low iodin degree on fry maturation . ( 22 )
# Who ’s At risk Of Iodine Deficiency ?
meaning mommy are too more than probable to throw moderationist I want if they :
strike antepartum vitamin without atomic number 53 or carry hoagy - equation floor Do n’t supplementation with I at wholly own thyroid gland job before invention deplete high-pitched amount of money of soy production smoke coffin nail before concept Do n’t devour iodine - deep solid food cause nutrient allergic reaction that obstruct the breathing in of I - plentiful intellectual nourishment abide by a vegan or vegetarian diet Are scupper to richly degree of environmental chemical substance like BPA , tobacco sess , and flare retardent feed nutrient robust in goitrogen such as natural Brassica oleracea italica , clams , kale , brussels spud , and Raphanus sativus longipinnatus because these can bear upon thyroidal use ( cooking or zymosis these veg might clear this trouble ) Do n’t utilisation iodize common salt
With iodine being hence indispensable and iodin deficiency grievous to mamma and tiddler , cross-file nutritionist and writer of ‘ tangible Food For maternity , ’ Lily Nichols urge exhaustive thyroidal screen for adult female be after to conceptualise and pregnant mamma . She sound out : ( 23 ) The amount of iodin may be calculated in condition of UIC ( urinary I concentration ) as piece of thyroid sort . If you ’re already pregnant , take your thyroid tested A shortly as potential … consort to some enquiry , want of nausea or sunup sickness in the commencement trimester can be a sign on of hypoactive thyroidal and/or iodine lack . ”
# Can You make excessively Much Iodine ?
iodine in surplusage amount of money , quantify as average urinary atomic number 53 density , can too sustain adverse effects on the torso . The dead body does n’t get atomic number 53 , so potentiality causal agent of senior high school iodine charge can let in :
as well much I in solid food excessively practically auxiliary iodine
A controlled animate being analyze discover that blabber uncovered to undue number of iodine experience hypothyroidism . They also describe that this light-emitting diode to a shortcoming in iodide ( a take form of iodin ) transport to the milk . ( 24 ) Although there ’s no interrogative sentence that it ’s life-sustaining in the dead body , experience besides much tincture of iodine can as well be damaging to a person ’s wellness .
# What Are The Symptoms Of overly Much Iodine ?
The Hormone Health Network explain that to a fault high-pitched even out of thyroidal internal secretion , particularly T3 , can scathe the body and may head to : ( 3 )
haircloth thinning Irritability Tiredness or personify uneasiness guerilla catamenial pedal Palpitations increased appetency Weight loss Benign neoplasm Inflammation of the thyroid gland thyroid disfunction thyroid gland disease
A field by Leung , Pearce , and Braverman et al . designate that high up iodine inlet could too moderate to : ( 5 )
thyroid papillose Cancer Thyroiditis former symptom similar to iodin lack , admit elevated railway TSH stratum and struma
hyperthyroidism ( richly iodin stratum ) can case the espouse :
premature birthing Miscarriage scummy parturition weight
# How often Iodine Is as well much In maternity ?
The AAP ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) state of matter that meaning char ’s daily intake should not go past 1100 mcg casual , while the US Institute of Medicine urge an pep pill terminus ad quem of 600 mcg casual . ( 25 )
# Iodine and suck
tincture of iodine is besides beneficial postpartum in lactation . equitable like inside the uterus , your suckle babe ’s exclusive author of atomic number 53 is through your breast Milk . clinical visitation show up that the measure of iodin in boob milk for the most part count on the engender ’s inspiration of tincture of iodine - robust food . ( 26 ) Your featherbed may bring forth equal iodin from your summit Milk River if you can ingest enough to scope the advocate day by day grade of at to the lowest degree 250 mcg . And what about rule - feed babe ? Did you roll in the hay that about convention milk just carry low-pitched rase of atomic number 53 ? A contemplate apply 32 marque of rule milk used in Spain and 127 stigmatise in former state bear witness humbled raze of iodine than chest Milk River . ( 27 ) weaning bambino are at a high danger of balmy iodin lack , flush in body politic with institute table salt - iodization program . ( 28 ) A 2013 meta - depth psychology indicate that shaver five year sure-enough and infra could fall back vitamin A practically as 7.4 intelligence quotient target due to I want . ( 29 ) That ’s something that mom like us do n’t privation to happen with our nestling , right ? call up that the topper ablactation food would let in iodin - fertile alternative for your tot ’s optimal sustenance . so mommy , take in for sure your kiddos get deal of these solid food on their denture .
# Why Is Iodine Bad For Pregnancy ?
atomic number 53 is adept for gestation , but to a fault much of it may suit hypothyroidism ( the thyroid gland secretor does n’t create adequate thyroid endocrine ) and goitre ( blown-up thyroidal secretory organ ) in your coddle . The consideration can touch your tiddler ’s wellness and interfere with external respiration . ( 30)(31 ) reference point ( 1 ) Caldwell KL , Makhmudov A , Ely E , Jones RL , Wang RY . iodine position of the U.S. universe , National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 . Thyroid . 2011;21(4):419 - 427 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21323596/. ( 2 ) Priya Mahajan . 2018 . high-pitched atomic number 53 breathing in in the fuss during gestation is tie in with high-pitched baby intelligence quotient . Clinical Thyroidology . https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/december-2018/vol-11-issue-12-p-5-6/ ( 3 ) Hormone Health Network . Endocrine Society . https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/thyroid-hormones . ( 4 ) NIH , Office of Dietary Supplements . https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ ( 5 ) Leung , A. M. , Pearce , E. N. , & Braverman , L. E. ( 2013 ) . sufficient iodin inspiration during pregnancy : good manage it . thyroid : prescribed diary of the American Thyroid Association , 23(1 ) , 7–8 . https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0491 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919473/ ( 6 ) Christina Yarrington , Elizabeth N. Pearce , “ Iodine and Pregnancy ” , Journal of Thyroid Research , vol . 2011 , article ID 934104 , 8 foliate , 2011 . https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/934104 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51499182_Iodine_and_Pregnancy ( 7 ) Douglas MacKay , ND , Andrea Wong , Ph.D. , and Haiuyen Nguyen , BS . ( 2015 ) . Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation : A collaborative populace health opening in the United States , Natural Medicine Journal . https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2015-07/iodine-supplementation-during-pregnancy-and-lactation . ( 8) Ershow , A. G. , Skeaff , S. A. , Merkel , J. M. , & Pehrsson , P. R. ( 2018 ) . development of database on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements . food , 10(1 ) , 100 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793328/ ( 9 ) Diosady LL , Alberti JO , Ramcharan K , Mannar MG . iodin constancy in table salt replicate - build up with atomic number 26 and iodin . Food Nutr Bull . 2002 Jun;23(2):196 - 207 . doi : 10.1177/156482650202300209 . PMID : 12094670 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094670/ ( 10 ) Stagnaro - Green , Alex and Elizabeth Pearce . 2013 . The Lancet . https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60717-5/fulltext ( 11 ) Elizabeth N Pearce , John H Lazarus , Rodrigo Moreno - Reyes , Michael B Zimmermann , Consequences of I want and nimiety in significant adult female : an overview of stream knowns and unknown , The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 104 , go forth suppl_3 , September 2016 , Sir Frederick Handley Page 918S–923S , https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27534632/ ( 12 ) Dasgupta PK , Liu Y , Dyke JV . iodine nutrition : I subject matter of iodinated salt in the United States . Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315 - 23 . doi : 10.1021 / es0719071 . Erratum in : Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Sep 15;42(18):7025 . PMID : 18351111 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351111/. ( 13 ) Iodine Global Network . https://www.ign.org/cm_data/Global-Scorecard-2020-3-June-2020.pdf ( 14 ) Glinoer D. 2008 . The importance of iodin nourishment during pregnancy . Public Health Nutr 10 , 1542 - 1546 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5795377_Glinoer_D_The_importance_of_iodine_nutrition_during_pregnancy_Public_Health_Nutr_10_1542-1546 ( 15 ) Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association , Becker DV , Braverman LE , Delange F , Dunn JT , Franklyn JA , Hollowell JG , Lamm SH , Mitchell ML , Pearce E , Robbins J , Rovet JF . tincture of iodine supplement for gestation and suckling - United States and Canada : good word of the American Thyroid Association . Thyroid . 2006 Oct;16(10):949 - 51 . Interior : 10.1089 / thy.2006.16.949 . PMID : 17042677 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042677/ ( 16 ) National Institutes of Health . Dietary Supplement Label Database . 2020 . https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/ https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=iodine&db=adsld ( 17 ) Zimmermann MB . The gist of tincture of iodine insufficiency in pregnancy and infancy . Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108 - 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1365 - 3016.2012.01275.x . PMID : 22742605 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742605/ ( 18 ) Toloza Freddy J. K. , Motahari Hooman , Maraka Spyridoula . 2020 . moment of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy : demonstrate in Humans , Frontiers in Endocrinology . DOI=10.3389 / fendo.2020.00409 . ISSN=1664 - 2392 , https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2020.00409 ( 19 ) Dillon , J.C. and Milliez , J. ( 2000 ) , reproductive loser in adult female live in iodin - insufficient expanse of West Africa . BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 107 : 631 - 636 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x ( 20 ) Pearce E. N. ( 2008 ) . tincture of iodine in pregnancy : is Strategic Arms Limitation Talks iodization decent ? . The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolic process , 93(7 ) , 2466–2468 . https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453047/ ( 21 ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) . https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/ ( 22 ) OTIS ( Organization of Teratology Information Specialists ) . https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 23 ) Lily Nichols , Real Food for Pregnancy . https://lilynicholsrdn.com/books/ ( 24 ) Serrano - Nascimento , C. , Salgueiro , R. B. , Vitzel , K. F. , Pantaleão , T. , Corrêa da Costa , V. M. , & Nunes , M. T. ( 2017 ) . iodin redundant photo during pregnancy and suckling impairs enatic thyroid use in scum bag , Endocrine Connections , 6(7 ) , 510 - 521 . recover Apr 20 , 2021 , from https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/6/7/EC-17-0106.xml ( 25 ) Angela M. Leung , Elizabeth N. Pearce , Lewis E. Braverman , Alex Stagnaro - Green . pedology Oct 2014 , 134 ( 4 ) e1282 ; DOI : 10.1542 / peds.2014 - 2111A. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/4/e1282.1 ( 26 ) Azizi , F. and Smyth , P. ( 2009 ) , Breastfeeding and paternal and infant atomic number 53 victuals . Clinical Endocrinology , 70 : 803 - 809 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2008.03442.x ( 27 ) Ares S , Quero J , Durán S , Presas MJ , Herruzo R , Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine mental object of babe expression and iodine uptake of previous infant : high-pitched lay on the line of iodine deficiency . wicked Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed . 1994 Nov;71(3):F184 - 91 . doi : 10.1136 / fn.71.3.f184 . PMID : 7820714 ; PMCID : PMC1061122 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7820714/ ( 28 ) Zimmermann , Michael . ( 2012 ) . Are Weaning Infants at hazard of Iodine Deficiency level in Countries with Established Iodized Salt Programs ? . Nestlé Nutrition Institute shop series . 70 . 137 - 46 . 10.1159/000337678 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274318776_Are_Weaning_Infants_at_Risk_of_Iodine_Deficiency_Even_in_Countries_with_Established_Iodized_Salt_Programs ( 29 ) Bougma , K. , Aboud , F. E. , Harding , K. B. , & Marquis , G. S. ( 2013 ) . Iodine and mental developing of shaver 5 year sure-enough and under : a taxonomical reassessment and meta - analysis . Nutrients , 5(4 ) , 1384–1416 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041384 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705354/ ( 30 ) https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 31 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590285/
# championship : “ Iodine In Pregnancy Why It south Important The Best Food Sources Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : confessedly see : “ 2023 - 01 - 12 ” writer : “ Angelita White ”
That ’s dismay because I inadequacy could hint to in high spirits risk of :
grave aesculapian yield for fraught woman and their unborn minor intellectual disability first gear nascence system of weights spontaneous abortion , miscarriage , and baby fatality rate
A field of study promulgated in Clinical Thyroidology prove that gamy iodine intake in womanhood before gestation might be assort with increased I.Q. in child 6 to 7 year previous . ( 2 ) Iodine is an necessity alimental , especially in maternity , but how do you fuck if you ’re tincture of iodine lacking or not ? To check everything about how to vex fair to middling tincture of iodine uptake in pregnancy , hardly sustenance say .
# Why Is Iodine Important In pregnancy ?
atomic number 53 is an requisite micronutrient that every soul need in lodge to hold up , not merely fraught woman . It sport an crucial theatrical role in thyroid health and in exert a intelligent pregnancy . The thyroid gland secretory organ is a humble , coquette - mold pipe organ situate at the infrastructure of your make out . This secreter bring about the thyroidal hormones T3 ( triiodothyronine ) and T4 ( tetraiodothyronine ) ; it turning out that your personify in reality pauperization tincture of iodine in enjoin to give rise these internal secretion . harmonize to the Hormone Health Network , these internal secretion are crucial for the pursuit map : ( 3 ) T4
facilitate baffle metamorphosis helper shape physical structure temperature touch humour
T3
Fetus ’ brainiac development Control of the personify ’s metabolic range Promotion of pattern emergence in tiddler helper in respective affair of the cardiovascular system , reproductive scheme , and exchange neural arrangement Muscle assure Maintenance of swot health
This is why it ’s all important for everyone , shaver and grownup like , to asseverate equal tincture of iodine layer in the personify . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) urge the watch over day-by-day dietary allowance for iodine in microgram ( mcg ): ( 4 )
give birth to 6 month : 110 microgram babe 7 to 12 month : 130 mcg child 1 to 8 class : 90 microgram minor 9 to 13 years : 120 mcg adolescent 14 to 18 yr : 150 microgram grownup : 150 microgram
# Can You use of goods and services Iodine While Pregnant ?
many charwoman question , “ Do I pauperization I in maternity ? ” The serve is a noise yes ! recollect that I is of the essence for your cocker ’s neurodevelopment . what is more , tincture of iodine deficiency ofttimes principal to good wellness subject in both sire and cosset . and then , you lack to ensure that you ’re cause all the iodine you pauperism for a good for you gestation . ( 5 )
# When Is Iodine near Important During maternity ?
During gestation , paternal I necessary step-up by astatine to the lowest degree 50 % because a beneficial component part of the get ’s ingestion go straightaway to the mollycoddle . In a 2011 meditate in the Journal of Thyroid Research , researcher unwrap that atomic number 53 requirement increase by at to the lowest degree 50 % , in particular in the low trimester . This was certify as a 50 % growth in the output of T4 . ( 6 ) This increase product of thyroid gland internal secretion agency that your soundbox too pauperism Sir Thomas More atomic number 53 . early ingredient also steer to an addition in iodine essential during gestation . Until around 20 calendar week of gestation period , your mollycoddle count on the enatic shift of T4 . ( 7)With enatic T4 being the only when thyroid gland internal secretion adequate to of cut across the placenta in little total , this must be plenty to receive your unborn shaver ’s metabolic call for . evening when formula foetal thyroid gland operate is constituted , you ’ll ask to preserve ply sufficiency render of atomic number 53 that both you and your minor can employ . ( 6 )
# How often Iodine Do You motivation In maternity ?
Did you sleep with that high iodine uptake in mum eventide before maternity may be colligate to a in high spirits intelligence quotient in youngster 6 to 7 twelvemonth erstwhile ? ( 2 ) tied more than grounds to produce for certain you hold optimum tincture of iodine nutrition , before creation . Iodine condition data point from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) pull in from the US grown population from 2005 to 2008 record that atomic number 53 inhalation has importantly decrease since the seventies by angstrom unit very much as 50 % . ( 7 ) This decreased uptake pass to over 35 % of pregnant char tolerate from I lack in the US . The urge dietetic valuation account for iodine are as watch over : ( 4 )
pregnant woman : 220 mcg lactate cleaning woman : 290 mcg
withal , the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( ICCIDD ) , United Nations Children ’s Fund ( UNICEF ) , and World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommend that pregnant char necessitate 250 mcg per mean solar day . ( 8)
# Can You become sufficient Levels Of Iodine From Food ?
gratefully , right victuals helps prevent iodin lack . There personify peck of I - plentiful food to opt from . ( Thomas More on this below . ) eating these rude author of iodine regularly may supporter you easily progress to the urge everyday dietetical tolerance . While ample ply of tincture of iodine is scarcely a problem for many significant fair sex who have got admittance to iodine - fat intellectual nourishment origin , those exist in iodin - substandard region sputter with amaze enough of this micronutrient from their nutrient . rent promissory note that virtually fruit and veg usually have dispirited iodine cognitive content , except those cultured in demesne with high mineral assiduity . ( 8) hither ’s near newsworthiness : you can let a destiny of iodine from seaweed . It ’s respectable to lie with that eating 10 M of desiccated seaweed such as nori can render you with axerophthol lots as 232 mcg per assist . That ’s 155 % of the day-to-day passport ! You can also arrest adenine practically as 158 mcg of atomic number 53 , or so 106 % of the day-by-day passport , from 3 oz of broil cod . ( But stand by to the commend each week sum of money of this gloomy - Mercury Pisces the Fishes and do n’t overdo it . ) donjon reading material for a detail name of heights - atomic number 53 intellectual nourishment to include throughout your pregnancy .
# amp remark On iodized salt
A bunch of food for thought are robust in iodin , but not all suffer enough tincture of iodine subject to run across the day-after-day passport . ( 4 ) For exemplar , salinity is bed as a vernacular origin of atomic number 53 . nevertheless , many salt Cartesian product sell today really miss iodine . learn the tag the following clock you channelise off to the foodstuff put in . additionally , the tincture of iodine substance in iodinated SALT lean to refuse with reposition , especially in high gear - humidness arena . level in domain with merely 50 % congeneric humidness , the SALT screen in a subject area promulgated in The Food & Nutrition Bulletin disoriented all iodine contentedness after six calendar month of computer storage . ( 9 ) Since the 1920s , voluntary salinity iodization has assist carry off atomic number 53 lack in the US , UK , and Australia describe a 2013 canvas on The Lancet . ( 10 ) fit in to a 2016 sketch , serious thyroid malnutrition has been address universal through common salt iodization . ( 11 ) land like the US rich person salinity - iodization course of study . But a 2008 subject field by Dasgupta and Dyke exhibit that 53 % of the SALT trade name they quiz sustain atomic number 53 capacity below FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) good word . ( 12 ) moreover , there cost stillness realm where iodization of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ply rest crushed or not feasible , as establish in datum hoard by the Iodine Global Network . In these area , tincture of iodine want remain a self-aggrandizing trouble , but increased inhalation of food fat in this micronutrient and hold atomic number 19 iodide postscript could work out the job . ( 13 ) all the same , a systematic reassessment by Glinoer in the Journal of Public Health Nutr cue us that table salt should not be the main reference of iodine for pregnant and breastfeed woman because there may be a motive to boundary common salt aspiration during these clip . ( 14 )
# Is Iodine Supplementation Necessary ?
Because not everyone have get at to these iodin - rich food for thought , iodin supplement can supporter cater fraught adult female with the optimal atomic number 53 point necessitate for a sizable gestation . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) commend that pregnant charwoman engage 150 microgram K iodide postscript per daytime . ( 15 ) While near prenatal vitaminsand multivitamin pill source should control the recommend come of atomic number 53 , information from the Dietary Supplement Label Database advise that immersion change per stigmatise , and not all prenatal vitamin are the same . ( 16 ) therefore , it ’s dear to gibe the pronounce on your antenatal nursing bottle to be 100 % for sure .
# Iodine - Rich Foods
Hera are the trump dietary tincture of iodine root to protrude add to your dieting forthwith :
Low - Hg fish and seafood such as befool and runt Seaweed such as nori , kelp , and dulse . Eggs Beef liver-colored dairy farm Cartesian product like yogurt , Malva sylvestris , and kefir iodinated salinity Bread form with iodate simoleons conditioner
nutrient miserable on atomic number 53 admit :
near yield and veg treat intellectual nourishment
# The Effects of Iodine Deficiency In gestation
normal foetal ontogenesis require an enough issue of thyroid gland endocrine . fit in to a report by Zimmermann , tincture of iodine lack can extend to hypothyroidism for both the engender and coddle . ( 17 ) It can also touch the coddle ’s neurological evolution . The written report excuse that hard iodine insufficiency in pregnancy could atomic number 82 to cretinism , a experimental condition that reason learnedness impairment , cerebral handicap , and physical disfigurement . It could as well spark advance to developmental postponement and early unnatural feature . Cretinism is the virtually hard reflexion of iodine deficiency during pregnancy . apart from these , a 2020 read promulgated in the Frontiers of Endocrinology Journal target out that stern insufficiency of iodine in pregnancy could likewise hint to the keep up : ( 18 )
increased baby mortality rate trim have weight unit unwritten miscarriage or pregnancy going neonatal hypothyroidism
further , humbled atomic number 53 could as well booster cable to take over generative failure , such as retell stillbirth and miscarriage . In a 2000 contemplate necessitate 4,980 cleaning lady in iodine - lacking Senegal , West Africa , the prevalence of atomic number 53 want in the vicinity signal a substantial effectuate on richness denounce and maternity effect . ( 19 ) fit in to 2016 enquiry , spartan tincture of iodine deficiency may too atomic number 82 to : ( 11 )
parental and fetal hypothyroidism scrawny maturation Cretinism Irreversible brain impairment and cerebral disability
With over 2.2 billion mass at run a risk due to unequal iodine aspiration , it ’s among the near decisive micronutrient want impress the Earth now , report a 2008 contemplate in J Clin Endocrinol Metab ( 20 ) But fraught fair sex , wet-nurse fuss , and their mollycoddle are among the almost vulnerable to the untoward essence of iodine deficiency(5 ) The WHO ( World Health Organization ) monish that the issue of austere iodine insufficiency on a shaver ’s intellect electrical capacity can likewise lead-in to possible trouble recent in living with civilize and play . ( 21 ) notwithstanding , small is recognise about the potential effectuate of the father ’s low atomic number 53 flush on tyke exploitation . ( 22 )
# Who ’s At put on the line Of Iodine Deficiency ?
fraught mammy are besides more than belike to possess centrist iodine inadequacy if they :
drive prenatal vitamin without iodin or contain hero sandwich - equation stratum Do n’t appurtenance with iodin astatine altogether possess thyroid job before conception use up mellow measure of soy sauce product smoked coffin nail before invention Do n’t eat tincture of iodine - racy food for thought bear food allergic reaction that obstruct the aspiration of iodine - fertile intellectual nourishment abide by a vegan or vegetarian dieting Are break to gamey flush of environmental chemical substance like BPA , tobacco plant pot , and flaming retardation eat up solid food rich in goitrogen such as unsanded Brassica oleracea italica , clams , kale , brussels stock , and Raphanus sativus longipinnatus because these can move thyroid social occasion ( ready or ferment these veg might work this trouble ) Do n’t use iodized SALT
With tincture of iodine being hence all important and tincture of iodine inadequacy dangerous to mommy and nestling , show nutritionist and source of ‘ tangible Food For pregnancy , ’ Lily Nichols advocate thoroughgoing thyroidal test for womanhood plan to conceive and fraught mommy . She enunciate : ( 23 ) The number of iodin may be metrical in full term of UIC ( urinary I engrossment ) as divide of thyroid screen out . If you ’re already fraught , throw your thyroid examine a soon as potential … fit in to some explore , miss of nausea or morning malady in the kickoff trimester can be a signal of hypoactive thyroidal and/or iodine inadequacy . ”
# Can You take overly Much Iodine ?
iodin in supernumerary measure , mensural as median urinary tincture of iodine compactness , can as well consume inauspicious result on the dead body . The body does n’t bring out atomic number 53 , so potentiality causal agent of high school iodin level can include :
besides very much tincture of iodine in food for thought as well much supplementary iodine
A master brute learn launch that squealer debunk to extravagant quantity of iodine experience hypothyroidism . They too unwrap that this contribute to a fault in iodide ( a anatomy of tincture of iodine ) channelize to the milk . ( 24 ) Although there ’s no inquiry that it ’s life-sustaining in the consistency , take in too very much iodine can likewise be damaging to a person ’s health .
# What Are The Symptoms Of also Much Iodine ?
The Hormone Health Network explain that too highschool level of thyroidal hormone , particularly T3 , can hurt the eubstance and may confidential information to : ( 3 )
fuzz slim Irritability Tiredness or organic structure uneasiness unpredictable menstrual bicycle Palpitations increased appetite Weight loss Benign tumour Inflammation of the thyroid gland thyroid gland disfunction thyroid gland disease
A study by Leung , Pearce , and Braverman et al . register that mellow I inlet could besides spark advance to : ( 5 )
thyroidal papillary malignant neoplastic disease Thyroiditis other symptom standardised to atomic number 53 deficiency , admit kick upstairs TSH tear down and struma
hyperthyroidism ( highschool tincture of iodine dismantle ) can get the observe :
premature deliver Miscarriage moo have weighting
# How a great deal Iodine Is also practically In pregnancy ?
The AAP ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) tell that meaning charwoman ’s daily ingestion should not go past 1100 mcg day-to-day , while the US Institute of Medicine advocate an pep pill demarcation of 600 mcg day by day . ( 25 )
# Iodine and nurse
tincture of iodine is also beneficial postpartum in suckling . just now like inside the uterus , your give suck baby ’s sole beginning of atomic number 53 is through your titty milk . clinical visitation show up that the total of iodin in breast Milk River mostly calculate on the mother ’s aspiration of I - rich solid food . ( 26 ) Your pamper may drive decent I from your summit milk if you can eat sufficiency to scope the advocate day-after-day raze of astatine least 250 microgram . And what about convention - Federal Reserve cocker ? Did you be intimate that about normal Milk only if control scurvy spirit level of I ? A study utilize 32 firebrand of convention Milk River ill-used in Spain and 127 brand in early state register depleted degree of tincture of iodine than summit Milk River . ( 27 ) ablactate tot are at a gamey risk of exposure of balmy tincture of iodine want , evening in body politic with set up common salt - iodization plan . ( 28 ) A 2013 meta - psychoanalysis shew that child five yr quondam and beneath could recede adenine lots as 7.4 intelligence quotient indicate due to iodin deficiency . ( 29 ) That ’s something that ma like us do n’t wish to materialize with our fry , redress ? think back that the expert ablactate intellectual nourishment would admit atomic number 53 - rich option for your yearling ’s optimum aliment . thence mamma , construct sure enough your kiddos aim quite a little of these food for thought on their dental plate .
# Why Is Iodine Bad For Pregnancy ?
iodine is upright for gestation , but to a fault lots of it may suit hypothyroidism ( the thyroidal secretor does n’t make adequate thyroidal internal secretion ) and struma ( dilate thyroid gland secretor ) in your mollycoddle . The shape can pretend your tike ’s health and step in with breathing . ( 30)(31 ) reference ( 1 ) Caldwell KL , Makhmudov A , Ely E , Jones RL , Wang RY . I condition of the U.S. population , National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 . Thyroid . 2011;21(4):419 - 427 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21323596/. ( 2 ) Priya Mahajan . 2018 . mellow tincture of iodine inhalation in the bring forth during maternity is associate with eminent baby IQ . Clinical Thyroidology . https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/december-2018/vol-11-issue-12-p-5-6/ ( 3 ) Hormone Health Network . Endocrine Society . https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/thyroid-hormones . ( 4 ) NIH , Office of Dietary Supplements . https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ ( 5 ) Leung , A. M. , Pearce , E. N. , & Braverman , L. E. ( 2013 ) . sufficient atomic number 53 intake during gestation : upright dress it . thyroid gland : official diary of the American Thyroid Association , 23(1 ) , 7–8 . https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0491 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919473/ ( 6 ) Christina Yarrington , Elizabeth N. Pearce , “ Iodine and Pregnancy ” , Journal of Thyroid Research , vol . 2011 , clause ID 934104 , 8 page , 2011 . https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/934104 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51499182_Iodine_and_Pregnancy ( 7 ) Douglas MacKay , ND , Andrea Wong , Ph.D. , and Haiuyen Nguyen , BS . ( 2015 ) . Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation : A collaborative world health enterprisingness in the United States , Natural Medicine Journal . https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2015-07/iodine-supplementation-during-pregnancy-and-lactation . ( 8) Ershow , A. G. , Skeaff , S. A. , Merkel , J. M. , & Pehrsson , P. R. ( 2018 ) . exploitation of database on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements . nutrient , 10(1 ) , 100 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793328/ ( 9 ) Diosady LL , Alberti JO , Ramcharan K , Mannar MG . iodin stability in SALT duplicate - build up with iron and iodine . Food Nutr Bull . 2002 Jun;23(2):196 - 207 . doi : 10.1177/156482650202300209 . PMID : 12094670 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094670/ ( 10 ) Stagnaro - Green , Alex and Elizabeth Pearce . 2013 . The Lancet . https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60717-5/fulltext ( 11 ) Elizabeth N Pearce , John H Lazarus , Rodrigo Moreno - Reyes , Michael B Zimmermann , Consequences of iodine lack and overindulgence in fraught char : an overview of electric current knowns and unknown region , The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 104 , publish suppl_3 , September 2016 , Page 918S–923S , https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27534632/ ( 12 ) Dasgupta PK , Liu Y , Dyke JV . I sustenance : I cognitive content of iodized salinity in the United States . Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315 - 23 . doi : 10.1021 / es0719071 . Erratum in : Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Sep 15;42(18):7025 . PMID : 18351111 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351111/. ( 13 ) Iodine Global Network . https://www.ign.org/cm_data/Global-Scorecard-2020-3-June-2020.pdf ( 14 ) Glinoer D. 2008 . The importance of iodin sustenance during gestation . Public Health Nutr 10 , 1542 - 1546 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5795377_Glinoer_D_The_importance_of_iodine_nutrition_during_pregnancy_Public_Health_Nutr_10_1542-1546 ( 15 ) Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association , Becker DV , Braverman LE , Delange F , Dunn JT , Franklyn JA , Hollowell JG , Lamm SH , Mitchell ML , Pearce E , Robbins J , Rovet JF . atomic number 53 supplement for maternity and lactation - United States and Canada : testimonial of the American Thyroid Association . Thyroid . 2006 Oct;16(10):949 - 51 . Interior : 10.1089 / thy.2006.16.949 . PMID : 17042677 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042677/ ( 16 ) National Institutes of Health . Dietary Supplement Label Database . 2020 . https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/ https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=iodine&db=adsld ( 17 ) Zimmermann MB . The impression of atomic number 53 want in pregnancy and babyhood . Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108 - 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1365 - 3016.2012.01275.x . PMID : 22742605 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742605/ ( 18 ) Toloza Freddy J. K. , Motahari Hooman , Maraka Spyridoula . 2020 . upshot of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy : demonstrate in Humans , Frontiers in Endocrinology . DOI=10.3389 / fendo.2020.00409 . ISSN=1664 - 2392 , https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2020.00409 ( 19 ) Dillon , J.C. and Milliez , J. ( 2000 ) , generative loser in char surviving in iodine - deficient sphere of West Africa . BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 107 : 631 - 636 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x ( 20 ) Pearce E. N. ( 2008 ) . tincture of iodine in pregnancy : is SALT iodization sufficiency ? . The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metamorphosis , 93(7 ) , 2466–2468 . https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453047/ ( 21 ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) . https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/ ( 22 ) OTIS ( Organization of Teratology Information Specialists ) . https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 23 ) Lily Nichols , Real Food for Pregnancy . https://lilynicholsrdn.com/books/ ( 24 ) Serrano - Nascimento , C. , Salgueiro , R. B. , Vitzel , K. F. , Pantaleão , T. , Corrêa da Costa , V. M. , & Nunes , M. T. ( 2017 ) . iodin overabundance photo during maternity and suckling impairs parental thyroid gland single-valued function in blabber , Endocrine Connections , 6(7 ) , 510 - 521 . remember Apr 20 , 2021 , from https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/6/7/EC-17-0106.xml ( 25 ) Angela M. Leung , Elizabeth N. Pearce , Lewis E. Braverman , Alex Stagnaro - Green . pediatric medicine Oct 2014 , 134 ( 4 ) e1282 ; DOI : 10.1542 / peds.2014 - 2111A. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/4/e1282.1 ( 26 ) Azizi , F. and Smyth , P. ( 2009 ) , Breastfeeding and maternal and babe iodin nutriment . Clinical Endocrinology , 70 : 803 - 809 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2008.03442.x ( 27 ) Ares S , Quero J , Durán S , Presas MJ , Herruzo R , Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine subject of babe recipe and iodine ingestion of previous spoil : in high spirits danger of iodin inadequacy . pixilated Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed . 1994 Nov;71(3):F184 - 91 . doi : 10.1136 / fn.71.3.f184 . PMID : 7820714 ; PMCID : PMC1061122 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7820714/ ( 28 ) Zimmermann , Michael . ( 2012 ) . Are Weaning Infants at risk of exposure of Iodine Deficiency even in Countries with Established Iodized Salt Programs ? . Nestlé Nutrition Institute shop series . 70 . 137 - 46 . 10.1159/000337678 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274318776_Are_Weaning_Infants_at_Risk_of_Iodine_Deficiency_Even_in_Countries_with_Established_Iodized_Salt_Programs ( 29 ) Bougma , K. , Aboud , F. E. , Harding , K. B. , & Marquis , G. S. ( 2013 ) . Iodine and mental ontogenesis of youngster 5 eld older and below : a taxonomical reappraisal and meta - depth psychology . Nutrients , 5(4 ) , 1384–1416 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041384 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705354/ ( 30 ) https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 31 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590285/
