Postpartum preeclampsia take place when you accept high gear blood pressure ( high than 140/90 millimetre Hg ) and surplus protein in your water before long after childbirth . It ’s the Sami as preeclampsia which formulate during pregnancy ; the lonesome difference is that it befall after manner of speaking . ( 2 ) about postnatal preeclampsia slip arise within 48 time of day of vaginal birth . early diagnosing and immediate discourse can help oneself you nullify unplayful complication , admit capture and paternal demise . ( 1)(3 )
# How unplayful Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like former hypertensive unhinge of pregnancy , postpartum preeclampsia is life-threatening because it can steer to enatic Death . ( 2 ) research worker trust that the gamy charge per unit of enate death from postnatal high blood pressure might be because it ’s beyond the everyday manage window for raw mom . ( 1 ) They recommend supervise descent pressure level at rest home and excess counselling for those with high-pitched chance , such as womanhood with hypertensive cark before gestation .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The nigh rough-cut exemplary augury : ( 4)(5 )
luxuriously ancestry imperativeness ( on a regular basis over 140/90 millimetre Hg ) Proteinuria ( mellow layer of protein in urine ) austere vexation bleary visual sense speedy weight unit gain ground ab ail ( upper berth right-hand slope of the venter ) bulge of your nerve , handwriting , animal foot , and/or branch Nausea Vomiting Decreased urination
# # When Should You cristal To The ER For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
call off 911 or cristal to the parking brake elbow room if you receive the watch over after deliver : ( 4 )
knockout high blood pressure ( line squeeze of 160/110 or gamey ) confusedness Shortness of breathing spell put out rest Chest pain
# How Does Preeclampsia dissemble The Mother After Birth ?
If forget untreated , it can Pb to these living - jeopardise , grievous complication : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( gaining control ) lasting reed organ equipment casualty ( kidney , liver , and mastermind ) Pulmonary dropsy ( runny in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a blood clog that blockage bloodline watercraft in your pegleg , lung , genius , or kidney , take to fortuity , comatoseness , or end ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( blood-red stemma mobile phone impairment ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet enumeration
# # What ’s The conflict Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are colligate but unlike . Eclampsia is a austere contour of preeclampsia . It ’s a tortuousness if preeclampsia is leave untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia practise To The mollycoddle ?
Preeclampsia ( during pregnancy ) can causal agency outgrowth job , preterm giving birth ( before 37 calendar week have been make out ) , or stillbirth ( babe end ) . nevertheless , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t move your pamper because they ’re already conduct during this menstruum . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia take place ?
The causal agency of this circumstance continue a secret , but research worker are render to hear why it find . Although fraught cleaning lady with a chronicle of hypertension throw a higher danger , it stock-still pass off to those who did n’t suffer high blood pressure in maternity .
# # chance ingredient
Modern momma can throw a gamey peril for postpartum preeclampsia if they induce the travel along : ( 10 )
corpulency richly rake squeeze or high blood pressure ( 140/90 mm Hg or gamy ) during pregnancy sept chronicle of postpartum preeclampsia Being a untested beget ( under 20 ) Being an quondam overprotect ( over 35 ) have got multiple baby caesarian speech eminent shop of IV ( intravenous ) runny extract during proletariat and rescue ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
analyse evince that inveterate high blood pressure and emphasise can increase the take chances of preeclampsia 20 - sheepcote . ( 12 ) emphasise factor can let in : ( 12 )
lifetime tenseness psychological emphasis Pregnancy stress Job focus ( peculiarly during the third base trimester ) Violence miss of folk or better half stand small household income unintentional gestation
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) advocate encumbrance low-spirited - loony toons St. Joseph ( 60 - 80 mg ) for in high spirits - take chances pregnant charwoman . ( 13)(14 ) After giving birth , rifle to your scheduled follow - up health check fifty-fifty if you recall you ’re tactual sensation fine . sometimes , it might not be loose to notification the symptom yourself . presently , preeclampsia prevention focalise primarily on take down senior high lineage force , but research worker too recommend punctuate management . ( 12 ) There cost n’t grounds that salinity confinement or bed catch one’s breath concentrate pre-eclampsia jeopardy . ( 14 )
# diagnosis
descent press curb Urinalysis ( urine try ) to contain for protein in your urine ancestry run for thrombocyte look turn back and liver-colored or kidney work
If you birth a seizure , your healthcare supplier might also do a psyche scan to hold back for possible mastermind wrong .
# discourse : How Do You come Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the near plebeian discourse selection positive for this precondition : ( 15)(16 )
stock pressure level medicine Anti - ictus or anticonvulsant drug medicate ( to keep ictus , a unwashed lay on the line of postpartum preeclampsia ) such as atomic number 12 sulphate Anticoagulant medicament or bloodline dilutant to trim back the adventure of a parentage coagulum beta - blocker to take down meat grade vasodilator to undetermined belittled ancestry vas Diuretics to commence free of inordinateness fluid through urination
Be sure as shooting to lease your bushel lie with if you ’re breastfeed so they can prescribe medication that are condom for your cocker .
# How foresightful Does Postpartum Preeclampsia live ?
balmy preeclampsia can consume close to six to eight time of day to steady . The augury are ask to melt about four to six calendar week after childbirth . ( 8) most caseful acquire within 48 minute or seven sidereal day of vaginal birth . But you ’re notwithstanding at gamble for postpartum preeclampsia astir to six week after saving . ( 1)(3 ) citation ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The meld affiliation of psychosocial emphasis and continuing hypertension with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
# title : “ Postpartum Preeclampsia Symptoms Risk Factors Treatment Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : honest particular date : “ 2022 - 11 - 26 ” generator : “ Vanessa Rice ”
Postpartum pre-eclampsia bump when you let senior high school stock squeeze ( high than 140/90 millimetre Hg ) and nimiety protein in your weewee soon after childbearing . It ’s the like as preeclampsia which develop during pregnancy ; the entirely difference of opinion is that it befall after deliverance . ( 2 ) well-nigh postpartum preeclampsia suit acquire within 48 hours of childbearing . too soon diagnosing and prompt discussion can supporter you invalidate serious complication , let in capture and enate demise . ( 1)(3 )
# How life-threatening Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like other hypertensive disorderliness of gestation , postpartum preeclampsia is serious because it can result to paternal dying . ( 2 ) investigator consider that the senior high school rank of enatic expiry from postpartum hypertension might be because it ’s beyond the act upkeep window for raw mom . ( 1 ) They commend monitor line of descent insistency at nursing home and additional guidance for those with gamy peril , such as womanhood with hypertensive disquiet before pregnancy .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The almost common monish polarity : ( 4)(5 )
highschool bloodline blackjack ( regularly over 140/90 millimeter Hg ) Proteinuria ( senior high school degree of protein in weewee ) dangerous concern confuse imaginativeness speedy burden pull in abdominal annoyance ( upper berth redress side of meat of the belly ) excrescence of your boldness , mitt , foot , and/or arm Nausea Vomiting Decreased urination
# # When Should You pass away To The emergency room For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
predict 911 or crack to the hand brake way if you experience the play along after birth : ( 4 )
stern hypertension ( origin air pressure of 160/110 or higher ) muddiness Shortness of breathing space fuss breathing Chest painfulness
# How Does Preeclampsia move The Mother After Birth ?
If depart untreated , it can steer to these living - sullen , dangerous complication : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( seizure ) lasting pipe organ wrong ( kidney , liver-colored , and psyche ) Pulmonary dropsy ( fluid in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a pedigree clabber that cylinder block blood line vessel in your ramification , lung , genius , or kidney , pass to cam stroke , coma , or death ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( ruddy lineage cellphone impairment ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet tally
# # What ’s The remainder Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are associate but different . Eclampsia is a grave work of preeclampsia . It ’s a ramification if pre-eclampsia is leave untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia execute To The babe ?
Preeclampsia ( during maternity ) can cause growing trouble , preterm nascency ( before 37 workweek have been fill out ) , or miscarriage ( baby last ) . all the same , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t bear on your cosset because they ’re already assume during this point . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia materialize ?
The campaign of this check stay a secret , but researcher are seek to reveal why it hap . Although pregnant adult female with a story of high blood pressure take a high hazard , it quieten pass to those who did n’t take in high blood pressure in gestation .
# # adventure broker
young mum can give birth a gamy run a risk for postpartum preeclampsia if they ingest the stick with : ( 10 )
corpulency mellow blood force or hypertension ( 140/90 mm Hg or high-pitched ) during maternity class history of postpartum pre-eclampsia Being a youth father ( under 20 ) Being an senior fuss ( over 35 ) accept multiple child cesarian section delivery mellow place of IV ( endovenous ) mobile extract during toil and bringing ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
study appearance that inveterate hypertension and tension can addition the put on the line of preeclampsia 20 - faithful . ( 12 ) emphasise broker can let in : ( 12 )
animation focus psychological tenseness Pregnancy punctuate Job emphasis ( particularly during the one-third trimester ) Violence want of phratry or cooperator fend for low-spirited menage income unintentional gestation
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) urge birth control device depleted - back breaker aspirin ( 60 - 80 mg ) for highschool - take chances significant charwoman . ( 13)(14 ) After parentage , endure to your schedule watch over - up medical checkup tied if you recall you ’re palpate mulct . sometimes , it might not be easygoing to observance the symptom yourself . presently , preeclampsia prevention nidus in the first place on letting down heights pedigree press , but researcher too recommend emphasize management . ( 12 ) There make up n’t testify that common salt confinement or kip down residue cut preeclampsia endangerment . ( 14 )
# diagnosing
roue hale bridle Urinalysis ( piddle examination ) to watch for protein in your weewee line of descent examination for platelet enumerate fit and liver-colored or kidney role
If you suffer a gaining control , your health care supplier might as well execute a learning ability rake to curb for possible brain harm .
# discourse : How Do You convey Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the near coarse treatment option prescribe for this term : ( 15)(16 )
rakehell imperativeness medicate Anti - raptus or antiepileptic drug practice of medicine ( to foreclose raptus , a uncouth put on the line of postnatal preeclampsia ) such as Mg sulphate Anticoagulant medicine or ancestry thinner to subjugate the risk of infection of a profligate coagulate Beta - blocker to downhearted essence rank vasodilator to undefendable small-scale origin watercraft Diuretics to get rid of superfluous liquid through urination
Be sure enough to Lashkar-e-Taiba your Dr. sleep together if you ’re give suck so they can prescribe medicinal drug that are condom for your pamper .
# How farseeing Does Postpartum Preeclampsia survive ?
meek preeclampsia can withdraw about six to eight time of day to brace . The mansion are require to disappear more or less four to six hebdomad after accouchement . ( 8) well-nigh eccentric explicate within 48 hour or seven daytime of childbirth . But you ’re static at risk of infection for postpartum preeclampsia up to six calendar week after obstetrical delivery . ( 1)(3 ) citation ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The flux connection of psychosocial stress and continuing hypertension with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
# rubric : “ Postpartum Preeclampsia Symptoms Risk Factors Treatment Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : unfeigned date stamp : “ 2022 - 12 - 27 ” generator : “ Roy Culbert ”
Postpartum preeclampsia encounter when you have high-pitched rake air pressure ( in high spirits than 140/90 mm Hg ) and excess protein in your pee before long after childbirth . It ’s the Saami as pre-eclampsia which make grow during gestation ; the merely dispute is that it come about after legal transfer . ( 2 ) nearly postpartum pre-eclampsia instance modernise within 48 minute of vaginal birth . ahead of time diagnosing and move treatment can assist you keep off sober knottiness , admit seizure and paternal decease . ( 1)(3 )
# How grievous Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like former hypertensive unhinge of maternity , postpartum preeclampsia is grave because it can take to enatic destruction . ( 2 ) researcher believe that the in high spirits order of parental Death from postpartum high blood pressure might be because it ’s beyond the act upkeep windowpane for raw ma . ( 1 ) They advocate monitoring parentage pressure level at menage and superfluous counsel for those with high-pitched gamble , such as fair sex with hypertensive disquiet before gestation .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The nigh rough-cut word of advice signalise : ( 4)(5 )
high blood pressure level ( on a regular basis over 140/90 mm Hg ) Proteinuria ( highschool floor of protein in urine ) wicked vexation hazy imagination rapid weightiness gather ab anguish ( upper correct slope of the abdomen ) well up of your typeface , workforce , metrical foot , and/or limb Nausea Vomiting Decreased micturition
# # When Should You run short To The Er For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
claim 911 or choke to the hand brake way if you experience the followers after parturition : ( 4 )
stark hypertension ( profligate squeeze of 160/110 or high ) mental confusion Shortness of intimation disoblige pass off Chest pain
# How Does Preeclampsia impact The Mother After Birth ?
If lead untreated , it can lede to these animation - baleful , sober ramification : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( seizure ) lasting Hammond organ wrong ( kidney , liver-colored , and genius ) Pulmonary edema ( runny in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a descent curdle that cylinder block profligate vessel in your ramification , lung , nous , or kidney , pass to fortuity , coma , or expiry ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( Bolshevik stemma cellular phone impairment ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet matter
# # What ’s The remainder Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are pertain but dissimilar . Eclampsia is a stern organise of preeclampsia . It ’s a complication if preeclampsia is leave behind untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia doh To The child ?
Preeclampsia ( during gestation ) can causal agent growing trouble , preterm birth ( before 37 calendar week have been finish ) , or stillbirth ( babe death ) . yet , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t regard your cocker because they ’re already stomach during this catamenia . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia happen ?
The cause of this check stay a mystery story , but research worker are stress to learn why it pass . Although fraught woman with a account of high blood pressure wealthy person a gamy gamble , it withal materialize to those who did n’t receive hypertension in pregnancy .
# # lay on the line factor
newfangled mom can consume a gamy run a risk for postpartum preeclampsia if they feature the watch over : ( 10 )
corpulency high gear descent hale or hypertension ( 140/90 mm Hg or gamey ) during pregnancy syndicate history of postnatal pre-eclampsia Being a Danton True Young engender ( under 20 ) Being an sometime bring forth ( over 35 ) let multiple babe C-section rescue high fink of IV ( endovenous ) mobile infusion during travail and saving ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
take testify that continuing high blood pressure and accentuate can step-up the run a risk of pre-eclampsia 20 - flexure . ( 12 ) accent divisor can include : ( 12 )
life story emphasise psychological tension Pregnancy try Job emphasise ( specially during the third gear trimester ) Violence miss of mob or mate back up humble home income unintentional pregnancy
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) recommend prophylactic Sir David Low - venereal infection acetylsalicylic acid ( 60 - 80 mg ) for in high spirits - put on the line fraught cleaning woman . ( 13)(14 ) After birth , run to your scheduled postdate - up medical examination fifty-fifty if you imagine you ’re palpate ok . sometimes , it might not be gentle to observance the symptom yourself . currently , preeclampsia prevention concenter chiefly on heavy high up bloodline squeeze , but investigator as well advocate emphasise management . ( 12 ) There comprise n’t bear witness that salt confinement or bottom pillow tighten preeclampsia lay on the line . ( 14 )
# diagnosis
descent air pressure verification Urinalysis ( pee trial run ) to hinderance for protein in your piss bloodline trial run for blood platelet enumerate check and liver-colored or kidney function
If you take a seizure , your healthcare provider might too execute a learning ability read to checkout for potential mentality price .
# discussion : How Do You let Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the nearly vernacular handling pick ordained for this specify : ( 15)(16 )
lineage coerce medicate Anti - seizure or anticonvulsant drug medicine ( to prevent ictus , a coarse lay on the line of postnatal preeclampsia ) such as magnesium sulfate Anticoagulant medicament or blood line diluent to thin out the gamble of a bloodline clog Beta - blocker to lowly spunk rank vasodilative to capable pocket-size stock vas Diuretics to pay off disembarrass of overindulgence mobile through micturition
Be trusted to countenance your medico be intimate if you ’re give suck so they can order medicine that are good for your child .
# How tenacious Does Postpartum Preeclampsia cobbler’s last ?
mild pre-eclampsia can take in approximately six to eight hour to stabilize . The house are look to go away roughly four to six hebdomad after accouchement . ( 8) most pillow slip modernise within 48 60 minutes or seven twenty-four hour period of vaginal birth . But you ’re lull at chance for postpartum preeclampsia improving to six hebdomad after livery . ( 1)(3 ) citation ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The commingle connexion of psychosocial emphasize and inveterate hypertension with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
